Kujambula

Kusindikiza ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zinayi zazikulu zomwe anthu akale akugwira ntchito ku China.Kusindikiza kwa Woodblock kunapangidwa mu Mzera wa Tang ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati ndi mochedwa Tang Dynasty.A Bi Sheng anapanga makina osindikizira osunthika mu ulamuliro wa Song Renzong, kusonyeza kubadwa kwa makina osindikizira osunthika.Iye anali woyamba kutulukira zinthu padziko lonse, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale makina osindikizira a zilembo zosunthika zaka pafupifupi 400 Mjeremani Johannes Gutenberg asanayambe.

Kusindikiza ndiko kalambula bwalo wa chitukuko chamakono cha anthu, kumapanga mikhalidwe yofalitsa ndi kusinthanitsa chidziwitso.Kusindikiza kwafalikira ku Korea, Japan, Central Asia, West Asia ndi Europe.

Asanatulutsidwe makina osindikizira, anthu ambiri anali osaphunzira.Chifukwa chakuti mabuku a m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages anali okwera mtengo kwambiri, Baibulo linapangidwa kuchokera ku zikopa za ana 1,000.Kupatulapo pamutu wa Baibulo, chidziŵitso chokopereredwa m’bukulo n’chofunika kwambiri, makamaka chachipembedzo, chopanda zosangulutsa zochepa kapena chidziŵitso chothandiza cha tsiku ndi tsiku.

Ntchito yosindikiza isanayambike, kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe kunkadalira mabuku olembedwa pamanja.Kukopera pamanja kumatenga nthawi komanso kumagwira ntchito molimbika, ndipo ndikosavuta kutengera zolakwika ndi zosiya, zomwe sizimangolepheretsa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe, komanso kumabweretsa kutayika kosayenera pakufalikira kwa chikhalidwe.Kusindikiza kumadziwika ndi kusavuta, kusinthasintha, kupulumutsa nthawi komanso kupulumutsa ntchito.Ndiko kutsogola kwakukulu pakusindikiza kwakale.

Kusindikiza kwa China.Ndi gawo lofunikira la chikhalidwe cha China;zimasintha ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha China.Ngati tiyamba kuchokera ku magwero ake, yadutsa nthawi zinayi za mbiri yakale, zomwe ndi gwero, nthawi zakale, zamakono ndi zamakono, ndipo ili ndi chitukuko cha zaka zoposa 5,000.M'masiku oyambirira, kuti alembe zochitika ndi kufalitsa zochitika ndi chidziwitso, anthu a ku China adapanga zizindikiro zoyamba zolembedwa ndikufunafuna sing'anga kuti alembe zilembozi.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa njira zopangira panthawiyo, anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zokha kulemba zizindikiro zolembedwa.Mwachitsanzo, kujambula ndi kulemba mawu pa zinthu zachilengedwe monga makoma a miyala, masamba, mafupa a nyama, miyala, ndi khungwa.

Kusindikiza ndi kupanga mapepala kunapindulitsa anthu.