Njira zamphiphi

Kusindikiza ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zinayi zazikulu za anthu akale aku China. Kusindikiza nkhuni kunapangidwa mu mzera wa Tang ndipo unkagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakati komanso mochedwa mzera wa mzera wa TAN. Bing Sheng adapanga kusindikiza mtundu wosunthika panthawi yaulamuliro wa Nyimbo Renzong, ndikulemba kubadwa kwa mtundu wosunthika. Anali woyamba woyamba padziko lapansi, ndikulemba kubadwa kwa mtundu wosunthika zaka 400 ku A Johannes asanafike Gutenberg.

Kusindikiza ndi wotsogolera kwa chitukuko chamakono kwa anthu, ndikupanga mikhalidwe yofananira ndi kusinthana kwa chidziwitso. Kusindikiza kwafalikira ku Korea, Japan, Central Asia, West Asia ndi Europe.

Pamaso ntchito yosindikiza, anthu ambiri anali osaphunzira. Chifukwa chakuti mabuku akale anali okwera mtengo kwambiri, Baibulo linapangidwa kuchokera ku Amboskins 1,000. Kupatula pa Baibulo la Bayibulo, chidziwitso chomwe chakopera m'bukuli ndi chachikulu, makamaka chipembedzo, chosasangalatsa kapena zosangalatsa.

Pamaso ntchito yosindikiza, kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe kumadalira mabuku olembedwa pamanja. Kukopera kwamanja kumatha nthawi ndi nthawi yambiri, ndipo ndikosavuta kutsanzira zolakwika ndi zosakanizika, zomwe zimangolepheretsa kukula kwa chikhalidwe, komanso kumangotaya zikhalidwe. Kusindikiza kumadziwika ndi kusinthika, kusinthasintha, kusunga nthawi ndi kupulumutsa. Ndikwabwino kwambiri kusindikizidwa kwakale.

Kusindikiza kwachi China. Ndi gawo lofunikira lachikhalidwe lachi China; Imafala ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha China. Ngati titayamba kuchokera ku gwero lake, ladutsa m'ndende zakale zinayi, ndiye gwero lakale, nthawi zamakono, masiku ano, ndipo ili ndi zaka zopitilira 5,000. M'masiku oyambira, pofuna kujambula zochitika ndi kukhutira, anthu aku China adapanga zizindikilo zolembedwa zoyambirira ndipo adafunanso naminiti kuti alembe anthu awa. Chifukwa cha malire a njira zopangira nthawi imeneyo, anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe kulemba zolemba zolembedwa. Mwachitsanzo, zojambula ndi kulemba mawu pazida zachilengedwe monga makoma amwala, masamba, mafupa, miyala, ndi makungwa.

Kusindikiza ndi kutulutsa pepala kunapindula anthu.